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全球汽车市场正在经历转型减速,而不是需求崩溃。从各方面的评估来看,电动车(EV)的增长不均,价格竞争异常激烈,关税和激励政策的变化正在重新塑造生产的地点和内容。混合动力车作为一种能带来利润的过渡方案,逐渐赢得市场份额,而许多纯电动车项目则在经济性方面变得谨慎。财务报表的强劲和本地化是关键的缓冲因素:拥有现金和灵活产品组合(混合动力/电动车/内燃机)的老牌企业能够捍卫利润率;而那些急需资金的挑战者则面临更高的融资和执行风险。软件、先进驾驶辅助系统(ADAS)以及能源/存储仍然是重要的选择,但法律和监管审查越来越严格。在欧洲和韩国,收入仍然是总回报的重要组成部分,而美国则表现出更高的波动性和更大的离散性。投资环境更青睐那些具有现金生成能力、能够对冲关税和具备可信成本控制的有纪律的运营商,而不是追求销量的企业。

 

 

区域汽车市场

亚洲市场的差异性最大。中国的规模企业如比亚迪和吉利正在快速增长,但面临着利润微薄和价格压力;比亚迪凭借垂直整合和现金储备脱颖而出,而蔚来和小鹏则仍在努力实现盈利和资金的稳定。日本的大型汽车制造商(丰田、斯巴鲁、马自达、本田)资金充裕,越来越多地转向混合动力,利用本地化来缓解关税风险和货币波动,尽管日产却因亏损和高杠杆而显得格外突出。韩国的起亚汽车表现出良好的利润率、净现金流和高覆盖的股息;现代汽车则面临监管不确定性和股价波动,但依然保持电动汽车的雄心。

 

美洲市场则倾向于修复利润和软件灵活性。特斯拉凭借流动性和规模支持大胆的人工智能和能源投资,但汽车利润受到压力,法律和治理的不确定性加剧了波动性。通用汽车和福特强调有节奏的电动汽车推出和成本控制,股息提供支持,但依赖于执行和质量的提升。初创电动汽车市场表现分化:Rivian的运营和流动性有所改善,但亏损严重;Lucid则因规模不足和严重的负利润率而苦苦挣扎,尽管有现金储备。

 

欧洲在电动汽车混合转变中平衡收入与执行风险。德国高端品牌(宝马、奔驰)保持品牌实力和高收益,但随着电动汽车的推出,面临盈利压力和杠杆风险。大众汽车的规模被微薄的利润和负杠杆自由现金流抵消,增加了交付风险。保时捷的品牌依然强劲,但盈利和股价因高额分红而下滑。法拉利则是个例外,保持着高端利润率和低贝塔值。沃尔沃汽车正务实地本地化美国生产,倾向于混合动力以缓解关税,但必须改善单位经济。

 

汽车投资推荐前三名

丰田汽车公司 (7203.T) 结合了强大的流动性和务实的转型策略。强劲的现金流(¥15.97万亿)、稳定的自由现金流和高覆盖的股息支持其在本地化、软件和多元化动力系统上的持续投资。混合动力车在电动汽车经济改善的同时提供利润稳定性,而低贝塔值则减轻了政策波动的影响。三年内的上行前景依赖于通过本地内容降低关税、严格的资本配置和产品组合的升级;下行风险主要在于政策持续时间,而非资产负债表风险。

 

比亚迪股份有限公司 (1211.HK) 在汽车、电池和储能领域实现了无与伦比的垂直整合,能够在价格敏感的电动汽车市场中控制成本并快速迭代。比亚迪的TTM收入为8225.2亿,季度增长36%,ROE为23.07%,具备规模优势和可观的现金缓冲。短期内自由现金流的压力反映出再投资,但海外扩张、运营效率和持续的产品组合改善可能会催化重新评估,特别是如果价格战减缓或本地化取得进展。

法拉利 N.V. (RACE) 提供的高端汽车经济在很大程度上不受大众市场电动汽车价格战的影响。法拉利的运营利润率为30.74%,净利润率为22.91%,低贝塔值和适度的杠杆,使得其能在不稀释独特性的情况下资助电动化性能。混合动力车型的推出和高度个性化支持定价权和现金转换。关键关注点是推出质量和保持稀缺性;如果执行到位,法拉利的估值溢价和强劲的现金生成能力可以在周期中持续增长。

荣誉提名:起亚汽车 (000270.KS) 以稳定的利润、净现金和高覆盖的股息;斯巴鲁公司 (7270.T) 以保守的资产负债表和有序的电气化节奏;特斯拉 (TSLA) 以软件/能源灵活性和流动性,尤其是在自动驾驶和服务货币化取得进展的情况下。

 

汽车投资风险底部三名

Lucid Group, Inc. (LCID) 仍然处于规模不足的状态,严重的负利润率(−247% 利润;−309% 运营)和高额现金消耗尽管有合理的现金余额。转向低价车型旨在提高利用率,但推出、降本和需求转化的执行风险很高。缺乏快速的毛利率改善和明确的自我融资路径,稀释和波动的风险依然存在。

 

NIO Inc. (NIO) 的交付有所改善,但毛利率仍然极低,流动性紧张(流动比率为0.84),需要新的股权融资。中国市场的竞争、补贴政策的变化以及高额的营运资金需求加剧了执行风险。三年的结果取决于将毛利润转化为可持续的运营利润和稳定融资;如果出现挫折,可能会引发进一步的融资和持续的波动。

Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings plc (AML.L) 负担高杠杆,流动性一般且利润率为负。尽管EBITDA和运营现金流为正,但再融资和执行风险依然严峻,小规模的流通股加剧了股价波动。自我融资的路径需要持续提升利润率和自由现金流的转折;在此之前,股权仍对信用状况高度敏感。

观察风险:大众汽车 (VOW3.DE) 在激烈的电动汽车/软件支出下,利润微薄和负杠杆自由现金流;Rivian Automotive, Inc. (RIVN) 尽管运营现金流改善和流动性强,但仍面临深度亏损和执行风险;保时捷 (P911.DE) 在盈利压力、高分红和股价下滑的情况下,需要更清晰的订单动能。

 

汽车行业关键主题

混合动力车作为利润桥梁的势头不断增强。丰田、宝马、沃尔沃汽车等公司正逐渐转向混合动力,以在电动汽车成本曲线改善和激励政策变化的同时稳定利润。这一混合动力的复兴在其他通货紧缩的电动汽车定价环境中成为关键的盈利缓冲。

 

本地化是主要的关税对冲。丰田和沃尔沃汽车强调在最终市场附近建立生产,以降低贸易政策风险,而美国和欧盟政策的不确定性迫使整个行业重新调整投资组合和产能。

软件、ADAS和能源是非汽车杠杆。特斯拉的货币化路径、宝马的高通合作以及Rivian与大众的合作强调了向软件堆栈和合作伙伴关系的更广泛转变。对驾驶辅助功能的监管和法律审查在上升,影响着推出节奏和货币化。

资本纪律和现金转换决定赢家。流动性强且股息覆盖良好的公司(起亚、奔驰、宝马)可以在波动中持续投资;而那些持续负自由现金流的公司(大众汽车集团、Lucid、初创电动汽车)则必须证明支出的回报。垂直整合(比亚迪)和质量/成本执行(福特、通用)是利润修复的核心。

价格战和产品组合管理依然至关重要。中国的竞争持续对电动汽车定价施加压力,迫使现有企业优先考虑盈利的车型、混合动力车和有序的激励措施。产品推出节奏、降本和货币管理将在未来三年内将稳定的复合增长者与依赖资本的故事股区分开来。



本文不构成投资建议。投资股票存在风险,您在做出任何财务决策前应进行自己的研究。请注意,本评论仅基于本杂志关注的汽车公司(见财务部分的股票)。