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Bot-2-Bot talking. Are we afraid or happy ?

互联网曾被设想为一个伟大的平等器,一个连接人们并传播知识的庞大网络。然而,现实却更加奇特:一个在线世界中,大部分流量并非来自人类,而是来自不断相互交流的机器。如今,超过一半的网络流量是由机器人生成的。仅这一事实就值得我们深思。但真正的问题不在于机器人的存在,而在于它们的用途。因为并非所有机器人都是一样的。有些是数字仆人,为我们服务,而另一些则成为数字寄生虫,消耗着能量和注意力,却没有为人类带来实质性的好处。

当自动化为人类服务时,结果可以是非凡的。想想那些收集信息、将其输入大型语言模型并返回连贯可读文章的机器人。或者那些将医学研究翻译成数十种语言的自动化系统,使知识在全球范围内可及。没错,这些都需要耗费电力,但回报是巨大的:一个精心设计的工作流程可能只消耗几度电,却能为成千上万的人提供信息或娱乐。所产生的价值远远超过其运行成本。安全机器人、搜索索引器和天气模型同样如此。它们消耗资源,但为我们带来了实实在在的、有用的东西。

问题在于,网络中很大一部分不是由仆人驱动,而是由寄生虫驱动。全球近一半的电子邮件流量仍然是垃圾邮件。恶意爬虫每分钟向网站发出成千上万的请求,不是为了帮助任何人,而是为了剥夺内容或收集数据。互动机器人夸大社交媒体的数字,制造出没有人真正产生的粉丝、点赞和观看次数。这是一个消耗同样服务器、同样带宽、同样电力的空流量阴影经济。而这些电力并不是免费的。每一封无用的邮件、每一次虚假的点击、每一个假的视频观看都转化为真实的碳排放和对维持我们数字生活的电网的真实压力。

在这一切的中心是广告行业,最大的寄生虫。每年近万亿美元被投入数字广告市场,这个市场由谷歌、Meta、亚马逊、TikTok和马斯克的X主导。他们的业务不是技术,而是说服。而说服需要基础设施。每一个横幅广告或网红视频背后都是数据中心、跟踪系统、实时竞价市场和推荐引擎的链条。目标不是告知、教育或赋权,而是简单地促使我们购买一些我们甚至没想到的东西。很难说这对人类有用。它对股东有用。它让硅谷的灯光继续亮着,同时消耗着世界上越来越多的电力。

数据中心现在占全球电力使用量的约1.5%,而且曲线陡然上升。在爱尔兰,这一数字已超过20%,而在弗吉尼亚,几乎一半的电网被服务器农场消耗。人工智能只加速了这一趋势。一次ChatGPT查询消耗的电力几乎是谷歌搜索的十倍。训练大型模型需要的能量相当于小国的规模。而冷却所有这些硬件又增加了另一层沉重的需求。到2030年,人工智能数据中心可能消耗的电力将超过整个国家经济。如果大部分能量用于治病或解决气候变化,这会更容易接受。但实际上,一个令人恐惧的比例被浪费在广告拍卖、点击机器人、垃圾邮件过滤器和推销运动鞋的网红上。

仆人和寄生虫之间的区别归结为一个测试:机器是否为人类创造了价值?如果它提供知识、安全、教育或娱乐,答案是肯定的。如果它堵塞收件箱、夸大指标或进行无休止的说服活动,答案是否定的。那些拯救生命或使科学可及的机器人值得它们的能量。而那些运行点击农场和推送定向广告的机器人则不然。当社交媒体网红推出伪装成真实的赞助视频时,他们看起来像人,但实际上只是广告机器的一部分。

 

大科技公司对划清这条界限毫无兴趣。对于谷歌和Meta来说,机器人点击和人类点击一样好。对于TikTok和X来说,不管互动是真实的还是制造的,只要计数器继续转动就行。他们的利润来自活动,而不是价值。从这个意义上说,他们是数字贫民窟的房东,对每一个经过的数据包收取租金,无论其价值如何。社会则留下了电费账单。

这不是一个可以通过空谈解决的问题。就像我们在物理世界中对污染者征税一样,我们可以让数字寄生虫支付其真实成本。垃圾邮件、广告欺诈和虚假互动可以在基础设施层面征税。那些在大规模网络抓取上训练AI却没有回馈任何价值的公司,应该被要求回馈创作者。监管者可以停止假装广告是免费的,开始将其电力足迹计入其真实成本。

关于机器人的讨论常常被描绘成一种反乌托邦的恐惧:机器正在接管。但机器已经接管了,至少在数量上是这样。真正的问题不是机器人是否存在,而是它们是为我们服务还是浪费我们的未来。答案不是更少的机器人,而是更好的机器人——仆人,而不是寄生虫。

如果这意味着踢那些在寄生流量上建立了万亿美元帝国的巨头的脚踝,那就这样吧。因为现在我们正在构建一个消耗越来越多电力、燃烧越来越多碳,却为本应连接的人们提供越来越少的互联网。互联网是我们的。至少,应该是。是时候夺回它了。